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ピョートル・イリイチ・チャイコフスキー

ピョートル・イリイチ・チャイコフスキー

作曲

1840 — 1893
中流階級の両親のもとに6人兄弟の2番目として生まれたピョートル・イリイチ・チャイコフスキーは、公務員になることを期待されていた。しかし、新設のサンクトペテルブルクの帝室ロシア音楽協会の第一期生となり、グリンカのロシア音楽とベートーベンやシューマンのドイツ音楽が融合したスタイルを確立すると、急速に成長を遂げた。師であるアントン・ルービンシュタインは、彼が最初の管弦楽作品としてアレクサンドル・オストロフスキーの戯曲《嵐》に忠実に作曲した派手な演奏会用序曲を認めなかったが、ルービンシュタインの弟ニコライは、若き作曲家チャイコフスキーを、和声の教員として、モスクワに開校したばかりの音楽院に招聘した。チャイコフスキーはモスクワで交響曲第1番《冬の日の幻想》を作曲した後、ロシア民族派の旗手ミリー・バラキレフに出会い《ロミオとジュリエット》幻想序曲の構想を提供する。チャイコフスキーのピアノ協奏曲第1番が初演された1875年は、彼が初のバレエ音楽《白鳥の湖》の委嘱を受けた年である。彼の知名度に反してバレエはすぐには成功せず、彼が最初に得意としたのは劇場音楽であった。 《白鳥の湖》の初期の観客は、その前代未聞のシンフォニックなプロポーションと情感の深さに戸惑いを覚えたという。チャイコフスキーの最高傑作のひとつであり、サンクトペテルブルクの帝国バレエ団のリソースを活用して上演された《眠れる森の美女》でさえ、生前は批評的成功を収めただけであった。しかし最後のバレエ作品となった2幕構成の《くるみ割り人形》は、そのきらめくテーマを紹介する組曲が事前に発表され、人気を博した。 チャイコフスキーは、政治的には保守的であったが、国際的な社交家であり、男女の友人や恋人がいた。ソ連では、チャイコフスキーの宿命論、哀愁、セクシュアリティは都合よく見過ごされ、文化関係の役人らは当時の他の作曲家たちに彼の音楽を手本にするように促した。また、同時代の欧米の音楽学者たちは、彼のバレエ音楽が持つ華麗さと豊かな魅力に疑念を抱き、彼を高尚な思想に欠ける存在とみなしていた。彼の最後の交響曲である第6番は、絶対的傑作と呼ばれ、伝統的な音楽構造を覆し、前例のない力強い表現のをするという作曲家の意志を具現化したものである。中核を成す2つの楽章は単なる余興ではない。第2楽章は4分の5拍子の踊りに適さないワルツ、続く第3楽章は奇跡的な行進曲である。敗北のうちに終わる緩やかなフィナーレは、独創的な発想の勝利である。このような絶望的な結末を迎える作品はかつてなかったが、20世紀には、多くの作品がこれに続くこととなった。

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Composer:in 1840 - 1893 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) is one of the most important composers of the Romantic period and left his mark on classical music with his emotional and melodic compositions. He was one of the first Russian composers to achieve international recognition and combined Western influences with Russian musical culture. His best-known works include the ballet classics ‘Swan Lake’ and ‘The Nutcracker’ as well as masterpieces such as the ‘6th Symphony - Pathétique’. Symphony - Pathétique‘](/en/video/vod_concert_APNM8GRFDPHMASJKBSQJ0DO) and the opera ’Eugene Onegin". Despite his great success, Tchaikovsky's life was characterised by inner conflicts and personal tragedies, which strongly influenced his music.

Early life and education

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born on 7 May 1840 in Votkinsk, Russia. The son of a mining engineer, Tchaikovsky studied law at the University of St. Petersburg and took private singing and piano lessons at the same time. However, his passion for music remained unbroken. After graduating, he worked briefly at the Ministry of Justice, but soon decided to follow his passion. After leaving his job at the Ministry of Justice, he studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where he attended composition, instrumentation, organ, and flute courses. Here he received a comprehensive musical education under the direction of Anton Rubinstein. These years laid the foundations for his later career and his unmistakable style, which became world-famous through his symphonies, operas, and ballets.

Rise and inner conflicts

After graduating from the conservatory, Tchaikovsky began a career as a teacher and composer. Between 1866 and 1877, he taught harmony at the Russian Musical Society in Moscow. This period was characterised by experimentation and the search for his own musical voice. In 1877, Tchaikovsky married the music lover Antonina Milyukova, but the marriage was ill-fated from the start. It ended after just a few weeks and became a deep personal crisis for Tchaikovsky. After his marriage ended in disaster, he gave up hope of a conventional social life. This emotional strain found expression in his music, such as in the ‘4th Symphony’ (1877) and the opera ‘Eugene Onegin’ (1878). Both works are characterised by their intense emotionality and expressiveness. His financial situation improved thanks to the generous support of the wealthy patroness Nadeschda von Meck, who paid him an annual pension from 1878. Between 1878 and 1890, the financial support from the wealthy widow Nadezhda von Meck relieved him of his material worries and enabled him to devote himself entirely to composition. This extraordinary relationship was based exclusively on correspondence - the two never met in person.

International success and important works

Thanks to his financial independence, Tchaikovsky was able to create some of his most famous works, including the ballet classics ‘Swan Lake’ (1877), and ‘The Nutcracker’ (1892). These works are still an integral part of the international repertoire today and are among the best-known compositions of the Romantic ballet style. In particular ‘The Nutcracker’ is performed worldwide as a festive tradition at Christmas time. In addition to the ballets, Tchaikovsky also wrote other remarkable works such as the opera ‘The Queen of Spades’ (1890) and the ‘5th Symphony’ (1888), which demonstrate his musical maturity and his ability to transform deep emotions into sound. His artistic life often took him to Western Europe, where he conducted his own compositions with great success. Concerts in Paris, Berlin and London made him one of the best-known composers of his time. The crowning achievement of his life's work was the award of an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge in 1893, and he was virtually showered with prestigious titles such as the honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge, which was awarded to him in 1893. In the same year, Tchaikovsky wrote his last and perhaps most personal symphony, the ‘Sixth Symphony — Pathétique’ (1893), a work of profound emotional intensity that is often interpreted as a farewell to the world. Tchaikovsky died under mysterious circumstances in St. Petersburg on 6 November 1893, just a few days after the premiere. The circumstances of his death in the same year — even suicide is not ruled out — will probably remain a mystery forever.

A musical legacy

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky left behind an impressive oeuvre that has left a lasting mark on classical music. His symphonies, ballets and operas combine emotion, passion and an unmistakable musical signature. To this day, his music is a symbol of the depth of human feelings and a testimony to his unique genius.